Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T22:14:10.063Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Status Deficits and War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2016

Jonathan Renshon
Get access

Abstract

Despite widespread agreement that status matters, there is relatively little in the way of focused research on how and when it matters. Relying on the assumption that it “matters” has provided few extant theories of variation in states’ concern for status and little understanding of its specific implications for international conflict. I introduce a theory of status dissatisfaction (SD) that clarifies who forms the basis for status comparisons in world politics, when status concerns should be paramount, and how they are linked to international conflict. I demonstrate the viability of conflict as a strategy for status enhancement: both initiation and victory bring substantial status benefits over both five- and ten-year periods. Using a new, network-based measure of international status, I demonstrate that status deficits are significantly associated with an increased probability of war and militarized interstate dispute (MID) initiation. Even internationally, status is local: I use “community detection” algorithms to recover status communities and show that deficits within those communities are particularly salient for states and leaders.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 70 , Issue 3 , Summer 2016 , pp. 513 - 550
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achen, Christopher H. 2000. Why Lagged Dependent Variables Can Suppress the Explanatory Power of Other Independent Variables. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, July, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. 2002. Toward a New Political Methodology: Microfoundations and ART. Annual Review of Political Science 5:423–50.Google Scholar
Anderson, Cameron, Srivastava, Sanjay, Beer, Jennifer S., Spataro, Sandra E., and Chatman, Jennifer A.. 2006. Knowing Your Place: Self-Perceptions of Status in Face-to-Face Groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 (6):1094–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arreguin-Toft, Ivan. 2001. How the Weak Win Wars. International Security 26 (1):93–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, Sheryl B., and Eckel, Catherine. 1996. Buying Status: Experimental Evidence on Status in Negotiation. Psychology and Marketing 13 (4):381–405.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, Reşat. 2006. Diplomatic Exchange Data Set, v.2006.1. Available at <http://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/diplomatic-exchange>. Accessed 1 June 2015..+Accessed+1+June+2015.>Google Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel, and Katz, Jonathan N.. 2011. Modeling Dynamics in Time-Series-Cross-Section Political Economy Data. Annual Review of Political Science 14:331–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel, Katz, Jonathan N., and Tucker, Richard. 1998. Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable. American Journal of Political Science 42 (4):1260–88.Google Scholar
Bennett, D. Scott, and Stam, Allan C.. 2000. EUGene: A Conceptual Manual. International Interactions 26 (2):179–204.Google Scholar
Blondel, Vincent D., Guillaume, Jean-Loup, Lambiotte, Renaud, and Lefebvre, Etienne. 2008. Fast Unfolding of Communities in Large Networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics 2008 (10):P10008.Google Scholar
Carter, David B., and Signorino, Curtis S.. 2010. Back to the Future: Modeling Time Dependence in Binary Data. Political Analysis 18 (3):271–92.Google Scholar
Clarke, Kevin A. 2005. The Phantom Menace: Omitted Variable Bias in Econometric Research. Conflict Management and Peace Science 22 (4):341–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clauset, Aaron, Newman, Mark E.J., and Moore, Cristopher. 2004. Finding Community Structure in Very Large Networks. Physical Review E 70 (6):066111.Google Scholar
Clunan, Anne L. 2014. Why Status Matters in World Politics. In Status in World Politics, edited by Paul, T.V., Larson, Deborah Welch, and Wohlforth, William C., 365–406. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Csárdi, Gábor, and Nepusz, Tamás. 2006. The iGraph Software Package for Complex Network Research. InterJournal Complex Systems 1695 (5):1–9.Google Scholar
Dafoe, Allan. 2015. Prescriptions for Temporal Dependence: First Do No Harm. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
Dafoe, Allan, and Caughey, Devin. 2015. Honor and War: Southern US Presidents and the Effects of Concern for Reputation. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
Dafoe, Allan, Renshon, Jonathan, and Huth, Paul. 2014. Reputation and Status as Motives for War. Annual Review of Political Science 17:371–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doran, Charles F., Hill, Kim Quaile, and Mladenka, Kenneth. 1979. Threat, Status Disequilibrium, and National Power. British Journal of International Studies 5 (1):37–58.Google Scholar
East, Maurice A. 1972. Status Discrepancy and Violence in the International System: An Empirical Analysis. In The Analysis of International Politics: Essays in Honor of Harold and Margaret Sprout, edited by Rosenau, James N., Davis, Vincent, and East, Maurice A., 299–319. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Elkins, Zachary, and Simmons, Beth A.. 2004. The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy. American Political Science Review 98 (1):171–90.Google Scholar
Eyre, Dana P., and Suchman, Mark C.. 1996. Status, Norms, and the Proliferation of Conventional Weapons: An Institutional Theory Approach. In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Katzenstein, Peter J., 79–113. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Frank, Robert H. 1985. Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1964. A Structural Theory of Aggression. Journal of Peace Research 1 (2):95–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilady, Lilach. 2004. Gunboat Diplomacy at the Twenty-first Century: Navies as Status Symbols. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, March, Montreal.Google Scholar
Gilpin, Robert. 1983. War and Change in World Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gilpin, Robert. 1988. The Theory of Hegemonic War. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 (4):591–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, Charles. 1998. The Flawed Case for Nuclear Disarmament. Survival 40 (1):112–28.Google Scholar
Gochman, Charles S. 1980. Status, Capabilities, and Major Power Conflict. In The Correlates of War II: Testing Some Realpolitik Models, edited by Singer, J. David, 83–123. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Greenhill, Brian. 2008. Recognition and Collective Identity Formation in International Politics. European Journal of International Relations 14 (2):343–68.Google Scholar
Guisinger, Alexandra, and Smith, Alastair. 2002. Honest Threats: The Interaction of Reputation and Political Institutions in International Crises. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (2):175–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., and Montgomery, Alexander H.. 2006. Power Positions, International Organizations, Social Networks, and Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (1):3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Rodney Bruce. 1997. Moral Authority as a Power Resource. International Organization 51 (4):591–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecht, Gabrielle. 2009. The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity After World War II. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heffetz, Ori, and Frank, Robert H.. 2011. Preferences for Status: Evidence and Economic Implications. In Handbook of Social Economics. Vol. 1A, edited by Benhabib, Jess, Jackson, Matthew O., and Bisin, Alberto, 69–92. Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
Henrich, Joseph, and Gil-White, Francisco J.. 2001. The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior 22 (3):165–96.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Michael, McDermott, Rose, and Stam, Allan C.. 2005. Leader Age, Regime Type, and Violent International Relations. Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (5):661–85.Google Scholar
Hymans, Jacques E.C. 2006. The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions, and Foreign Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jaggers, Keith, and Gurr, Ted R.. 1995. Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III Data. Journal of Peace Research 32 (4):469–82.Google Scholar
Johnson, Dominic D.P. 2006. Failing to Win: Perceptions of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Daniel M., Bremer, Stuart A., and Singer, J. David. 1996. Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1816–1992: Rationale, Coding Rules, and Empirical Patterns. Conflict Management and Peace Science 15 (2):163–213.Google Scholar
Josephs, Robert A., Sellers, Jennifer G., Newman, Matthew L., and Mehta, Pranjal H.. 2006. The Mismatch Effect: When Testosterone and Status Are at Odds. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (6):999–1013.Google Scholar
King, Gary, and Roberts, Margaret. 2015. How Robust Standard Errors Expose Methodological Problems They Do Not Fix, and What to Do About It. Political Analysis 23 (2):159–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, Gary, and Zeng, Langche. 2001. Explaining Rare Events in International Relations. International Organization 55 (3):693–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinne, Brandon J. 2014. Dependent Diplomacy: Signaling, Strategy, and Prestige in the Diplomatic Network. International Studies Quarterly 58 (2):247–59.Google Scholar
Koski, Jessica E., Xie, Hongling, and Olson, Ingrid R.. 2015. Understanding Social Hierarchies: The Neural and Psychological Foundations of Status Perception. Social Neuroscience 10 (5):527–50.Google Scholar
Köszegi, Botond, and Rabin, Matthew. 2006. A Model of Reference-Dependent Preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics 121 (4):1133–65.Google Scholar
Lake, David A. 2013. Great Power Hierarchies and Strategies in Twenty-First Century World Politics. In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth A., 555–77. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lake, David A. 2014. Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century. In Status in World Politics, edited by Paul, T.V., Larson, Deborah Welch, and Wohlforth, William C., 246–70. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Deborah Welch, Paul, T.V., and Wohlforth, William C.. 2014. Status and World Order. In Status in World Politics, edited by Paul, T.V., Larson, Deborah Welch, and Wohlforth, William C., 3–32. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Larson, Deborah Welch, and Shevchenko, Alexei. 2003. Shortcut to Greatness: The New Thinking and the Revolution in Soviet Foreign Policy. International Organization 57 (1):77–109.Google Scholar
Larson, Deborah Welch, and Shevchenko, Alexei. 2010. Status Seekers: Chinese and Russian Responses to US Primacy. International Security 34 (4):63–95.Google Scholar
Larson, Deborah Welch, and Shevchenko, Alexei. 2014. Managing Rising Powers: The Role of Status Concerns. In Status in World Politics, edited by Paul, T.V., Larson, Deborah Welch, and Wohlforth, William C., 32–70. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lebovic, James H., and Saunders, Elizabeth N.. 2016. The Diplomatic Core: How the United States Employs High-Level Visits as a Scarce Resource. International Studies Quarterly 60 (1):107–23.Google Scholar
Lebow, Richard Ned. 2008. A Cultural Theory of International Relations. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lebow, Richard Ned. 2010. Why Nations Fight: Past and Future Motives for War. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leeds, Brett Ashley, Ritter, Jeffrey M., McLaughlin Mitchell, Sara, and Long, Andrew G.. 2002. Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions, 1815–1944. International Interactions 28 (3):237– 60.Google Scholar
Leira, Halvard. 2015. The Formative Years: Norway as an Obsessive Status-Seeker. In Small State Status Seeking: Norway's Quest for International Standing, edited by Carvalho, Benjamin de and Neumann, Iver B., 22–42. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Leskovec, Jure, Lang, Kevin J., and Mahoney, Michael. 2010. Empirical Comparison of Algorithms for Network Community Detection. In www ‘10: Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on World Wide Web, 631–40. New York: ACM.Google Scholar
Levite, Ariel E. 2003. Never Say Never: Nuclear Reversal Revisited. International Security 27 (3):59–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Yonatan, and Traag, Vincent A.. 2012. Trading Communities, the Networked Structure of International Relations, and the Kantian Peace. Journal of Conflict Resolution 57 (6):1011–42.Google Scholar
Lupu, Yonatan, and Voeten, Erik. 2012. Precedent in International Courts: A Network Analysis of Case Citations by the European Court of Human Rights. British Journal of Political Science 42 (2):413–39.Google Scholar
Macon, Kevin T., Mucha, Peter J., and Porter, Mason A.. 2012. Community Structure in the United Nations General Assembly. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 391 (1):343–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandel, Robert. 2006. The Meaning of Military Victory. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Mandelbaum, Michael. 1998. Is Major War Obsolete? Survival 40 (4):20–38.Google Scholar
Maoz, Zeev. 2005. Dyadic MID Dataset. Version 2.0. Available at <http://vanity.dss.ucdavis.edu/~maoz/datasets.htm>. Accessed 1 June 2015..+Accessed+1+June+2015.>Google Scholar
Maoz, Zeev. 2010. Networks of Nations: The Evolution, Structure, and Impact of International Networks, 1816–2001. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Markey, Daniel. 2000. The Prestige Motive in International Relations. PhD thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Marsh, Abigail A., Blair, Karina S., Jones, Matthew M., Soliman, Niveen, and Blair, James R.. 2009. Dominance and Submission: The Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Responses to Status Cues. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21 (4):713–24.Google Scholar
Mascaro, Olivier, and Csibra, Gergely. 2014. Human Infants’ Learning of Social Structures: The Case of Dominance Hierarchy. Psychological Science 25 (1):250–55.Google Scholar
Mastanduno, Michael. 1997. Preserving the Unipolar Moment: Realist Theories and US Grand Strategy After the Cold War. International Security 21 (4):49–88.Google Scholar
Midlarsky, Manus I. 1975. On War: Political Violence in the International System. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Manjari. 2013. Wronged by Empire: Post-Imperial Ideology and Foreign Policy in India and China. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Neal E. 1941. The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis. Psychological Review 48 (4):337–42.Google Scholar
Morgenthau, Hans J. 1948. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Murray, Michelle. 2010. Identity, Insecurity, and Great Power Politics: The Tragedy of German Naval Ambition Before the First World War. Security Studies 19 (4):656–88.Google Scholar
Murray, Michelle. 2012. Recognition, Disrespect and the Struggle for Morocco. In The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations, edited by Lindemann, Thomas and Ringmar, Erik, 131–51. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.Google Scholar
Neumann, Iver B., and Carvalho, Benjamin de. 2015. Small States and Status. In Small State Status Seeking: Norway's Quest for International Standing, edited by Carvalho, Benjamin de and Neumann, Iver B., 1–22. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Neumayer, Eric. 2008. Distance, Power and Ideology: Diplomatic Representation in a World of Nation-States. Area 40 (2):228–36.Google Scholar
Newman, M.E.J. 2004. Fast Algorithm for Detecting Community Structure in Networks. Physical Review E 69 (6):066133.Google Scholar
Niven, David. 2000. The Other Side of Optimism: High Expectations and the Rejection of Status Quo Politics. Political Behavior 22 (1):71–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nye, Joseph S. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Onea, Tudor A. 2014. Between Dominance and Decline: Status Anxiety and Great Power Rivalry. Review of International Studies 40 (1):1–28.Google Scholar
Oneal, John R., and Russett, Bruce. 2005. Rule of Three, Let It Be? When More Really Is Better. Conflict Management and Peace Science 22 (4):293–310.Google Scholar
O'Neill, Barry. 2001. Honor, Symbols, and War. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
O'Neill, Barry. 2006. Nuclear Weapons and National Prestige. Discussion paper no. 1560. New Haven, CT: Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.Google Scholar
Organski, A.F.K., and Kugler, Jacek. 1980. The War Ledger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peffley, Mark, and Hurwitz, Jon. 1992. International Events and Foreign Policy Beliefs: Public Response to Changing Soviet-US Relations. American Journal of Political Science 36 (2):431–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plourde, Aimée M. 2008. The Origins of Prestige Goods as Honest Signals of Skill and Knowledge. Human Nature 19 (4):374–88.Google Scholar
Ray, James Lee. 1974. Status Inconsistency and War-Involvement in Europe, 1816–1970. Peace Science Society Papers 23:69–80.Google Scholar
Ray, James Lee. 2003. Explaining Interstate Conflict and War: What Should Be Controlled For? Conflict Management and Peace Science 20 (2):1–31.Google Scholar
Renshon, Jonathan. 2015a. Fighting for Status. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Renshon, Jonathan. 2015b. Losing Face and Sinking Costs: Experimental Evidence on the Judgment of Political and Military Leaders. International Organization 69 (3):659–95.Google Scholar
Renshon, Jonathan, and Warren, Camber. 2015. The Complexity of Influence: Power and Status in the Interstate Alliance Network. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Rosen, Stephen Peter. 2007. War and Human Nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sagan, Scott D. 1996. Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons?: Three Models in Search of a Bomb. International Security 21 (3):54–86.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Benjamin M., and Chingos, Matthew M.. 2007. Ranking Doctoral Programs by Placement: A New Method. PS: Political Science and Politics 40 (3):523–29.Google Scholar
Schweller, Randall L. 1997. New Realist Research on Alliances: Refining, Not Refuting, Waltz's Balancing Proposition. American Political Science Review 91 (4):927–30.Google Scholar
Signorino, Curtis S., and Ritter, Jeffrey M.. 1999. Tau-b or Not Tau-b: Measuring the Similarity of Foreign Policy Positions. International Studies Quarterly 43 (1):115–44.Google Scholar
Singer, J. David, Bremer, Stuart A., and Stuckey, John. 1972. Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820–1965. In Peace, War and Numbers, edited by Russett, Bruce M., 19–48. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Singer, J. David, and Small, Melvin. 1966. The Composition and Status Ordering of the International System: 1815–1940. World Politics 18 (2):236–82.Google Scholar
Small, Melvin, and Singer, J. David. 1973. The Diplomatic Importance of States, 1816–1970: An Extension and Refinement of the Indicator. World Politics 25 (4):577–99.Google Scholar
Snidal, Duncan. 2002. Rational Choice and International Relations. In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse-Kappen, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth, 73–94. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Snyder, Jack. 1991. Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Srivastava, Sanjay, and Anderson, Cameron. 2011. Accurate When It Counts: Perceiving Power and Status in Social Groups. In Managing Interpersonal Sensitivity: Knowing When—and When Not—to Understand Others, edited by Smith, Jessi L., Ickes, William, Hall, Judith A., and Hodges, Sara D., 41–58. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.Google Scholar
Stueck, William. 1997. The Korean War: An International History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tetlock, Philip E. 1985. Accountability: The Neglected Social Context of Judgment and Choice. Research in Organizational Behavior 7:297–332.Google Scholar
Veblen, Thorstein. 1899. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Volgy, Thomas J., Corbetta, Renato, Grant, Keith A., and Baird, Ryan G.. 2011. Major Power Status in International Politics. In Major Powers and The Quest for Status in International Politics: Global and Regional Perspectives, edited by Volgy, Thomas J., Corbetta, Renato, Grant, Keith A., and Baird, Ryan G., 1–26. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Volgy, Thomas J., and Mayhall, Stacey. 1995. Status Inconsistency and International War: Exploring the Effects of Systemic Change. International Studies Quarterly 39 (1):67–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueden, Von, Christopher, Michael Gurven, and Kaplan, Hillard. 2008. The Multiple Dimensions of Male Social Status in an Amazonian Society. Evolution and Human Behavior 29 (6):402–15.Google Scholar
Wallace, Michael D. 1971. Power, Status, and International War. Journal of Peace Research 8 (1):23–35.Google Scholar
Wallace, Michael D. 1973. War and Rank Among Nations. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Ward, Steven. 2015. Lost in Translation: The Misadventures of Social Identity and Status in IR Theory. Unpublished manuscript, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Werner, Suzanne. 2000. The Effects of Political Similarity on the Onset of Militarized Disputes, 1816–1985. Political Research Quarterly 53 (2):343–74.Google Scholar
Whiting, Allen Suess. 1968. China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Korean War. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Sven E., and Butler, Daniel M.. 2007. A Lot More to Do: The Sensitivity of Time-Series Cross-Section Analyses to Simple Alternative Specifications. Political Analysis 15 (2):101–23.Google Scholar
Wohlforth, William C. 1998. Honor as Interest in Russian Decisions for War, 1600–1995. In Honor Among Nations: Intangible Interests and Foreign Policy, edited by Abrams, E., 21–45. Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center.Google Scholar
Wohlforth, William C. 2002. Hierarchy, Status and War. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August, Boston.Google Scholar
Wohlforth, William C. 2009. Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War. World Politics 61 (1):28–57.Google Scholar
Wolf, Reinhard. 2011. Recognition and Disrespect Between Persons and Peoples. In The International Politics of Recognition, edited by Lindemann, Thomas and Ringmar, Erik, 39–57. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.Google Scholar
Wood, Steve. 2013. Prestige in World Politics: History, Theory, Expression. International Politics 50 (3):387–411.Google Scholar
Zyphur, Michael J., Narayanan, Jayanth, Koh, Gerald, and Koh, David. 2009. Testosterone-Status Mismatch Lowers Collective Efficacy in Groups: Evidence from a Slope-as-Predictor Multilevel Structural Equation Model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 110 (2):70–79.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Renshon Supplementary Material

Renshon Supplementary Material Zip

Download Renshon Supplementary Material(File)
File 10.7 KB