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Experiments in global democracy: The cases of UNITAID and the FAO Committee on World Food Security

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 October 2015

MARKUS FRAUNDORFER
MARKUS FRAUNDORFER*
Affiliation:
Institute of International Relations, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lúcio Martins Rodrigues, s/n, travessas 4 e 5, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 05508-020, São Paulo, Brazil
*
*Email: fraundorfer@usp.br
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Abstract

A growing literature explores how global governance mechanisms can be made more effective and democratic to tackle trans-boundary development challenges like global epidemics, global poverty or climate change. The international system today is characterized by an increasing influence of non-state actors gradually undermining the prominent role of the state. Considering this new reality, the focus of analysis has increasingly shifted towards examining the fundamental role of non-state actors, in particular from civil society, in building democratic global governance mechanisms. The literature still says little about joint governance efforts of both state and non-state actors to promote democracy on the global level. This article examines two global governance mechanisms, UNITAID and the FAO Committee on World Food Security, which were created by the joint action of state and non-state actors to tackle trans-boundary development challenges. Departing from the ideal type of democratic polycentrism this article argues that both mechanisms can be seen as encouraging experiments in global democracy. This analysis attempts to show that democratic polycentrism may prove to be a useful theoretical blueprint for pursuing more democratic global governance mechanisms and that more democracy on the global level depends on the joint activities of democratic states and civil society actors.

Keywords

civil societydemocratic polycentrismFAO Committee on World Food Securityglobal governanceUNITAID
Type
Research Article
Information
Global Constitutionalism , Volume 4 , Issue 3 , November 2015 , pp. 328 - 364
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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43 See (n 41) 87.

44 Ibid.

45 Tallberg and Uhlin (n 42) in Archibugi, Koenig-Archibugi and Marchetti (n 4) 218.

46 Ibid.

47 Ibid, 217.

48 See (n 33) 5792.

49 Ibid, 5821.

50 Ibid, 6491.

51 See (n 45) 211.

52 Ibid.

53 Ibid, 218–20.

54 Scholte, ‘Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance’ (n 14) 218–22.

55 Ibid, 230–2.

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65 Ibid.

66 See (n 63) 16. Talks exist about an international tax on financial transactions originally suggested by James Tobin in 1972. In 2004, the presidents of Brazil, Chile and France (founding members of UNITAID) came together to advance the international debate on international taxes. See K Wahlberg, ‘Progress on Global Taxes?’ (2005) Global Policy Forum, available at <https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/SocEcon/2005/Global_Taxes/Dec05ProgressonGlobalTaxes.pdf>.

67 See (n 63) 6.

68 Ibid, 16.

69 Ibid, 17.

70 Since UNITAID forms part of the United Nations system it is prohibited from collecting donations from private individuals. To get access to the voluntary contributions, UNITAID created in 2008 the Millennium Foundation to collect the donations and channel them to UNITAID. Ibid, 51.

71 Ibid, 40.

72 Ibid, 43.

73 See (n 64) 1.

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78 See (n 64) 2.

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80 See (n 62) 79–80.

81 Ibid, 80; see (n 63).

82 See (n 63) 34–5.

83 Oxfam, ‘Civil Society and UNITAID: An Introduction’ (2009) published on behalf of the Civil Society Delegations to the UNITAID Executive Board, 6, available at <http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp-civil-society-unitaid-english.pdf> accessed 24 September 2014.

84 Ibid. Track record on access to medicines, experience in representing those organizations affected by HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB, string advocacy and communication skills.

85 Ibid.

86 Ibid.

87 Ibid, 8. Members include among others Médecins Sans Frontières, Oxfam International, Health Action International, Health GAP USA, Knowledge Ecology International or the Global AIDS Alliance.

88 Ibid, 6–7.

89 Ibid, 7.

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92 See, for instance, <http://lists.keionline.org/pipermail/ip-health_lists.keionline.org/2015-January/004732.html> accessed 21 June 2015.

93 See (n 63) 21, 24, 36.

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95 See (n 62) 55.

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98 Ibid, 38–9.

99 See (n 62) 55.

100 Ibid.

101 See (n 63) 64.

102 N Otwoma, ‘The Medicines Patent Pool and the Civil Society Delegations to UNITAID’ (2012), available at <http://pag.aids2012.org/session.aspx?s=101#3> accessed 16 December 2014. K Nichols, ‘What do the Civil Society Delegations at UNITAID do? How have they represented me?’ (2012), available at <http://pag.aids2012.org/session.aspx?s=101#3> accessed 16 December 2014.

103 See (n 64) 2.

104 See the list of the current members at <http://www.unitaid.eu/en/how/gov/expert-committees/7-home/home/996-proposal-review-committee-prc> accessed 24 September 2014.

105 UNITAID, ‘UNITAID Strategy 2013–2016’ (2013) 97, available at <http://www.unitaid.eu/images/strategy/UNITAID-Strategy_2013-2016-Full-English.pdf> accessed 24 September 2014.

106 See the official documents on the following website: <http://www.unitaid.eu/en/how/gov/in-country-consultations> accessed 15 January 2015.

107 The Communities’ Support Team, ‘Ensuring UNITAID products reach affected Communities’ (2012), available at <http://pag.aids2012.org/session.aspx?s=101#3> accessed 16 December 2014.

108 UNITAID, ‘Malawi and Viral-Load Testing – The Future of the HIV Response in Rural Areas?’ (2014), available at <http://www.unitaid.eu/en/resources/press-centre/stories/1372-malawi-and-viral-load-testing-the-future-of-the-hiv-response-in-rural-areas> accessed 15 January 2015.

109 UNITAID, ‘UNITAID in Uganda – A Photo Essay’ (2012), available at <http://unitaid.org/en/what/cross-cutting/21-news/stories/1219-unitaid-in-uganda-a-photo-essay> accessed 15 January 2015.

110 MMV, ‘UNITAID awards MMV-led consortium up to US$ 34 million (2012), available at <http://www.mmv.org/newsroom/news/unitaid-awards-mmv-led-consortium-us-34-million> accessed 15 January 2015. See also a short documentary about the project at <http://blog.unitaid.eu/post/89792514390/a-recent-episode-on-al-jazeeeras-global-health> accessed 15 January 2015.

111 DFID, ‘Multilateral Aid Review: Assessment of UNITAID’ (2011) 3, available at <https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224801/UNITAID.pdf> accessed 25 September 2014.

112 V Fan, ‘Should UNITAID Rethink Its Raison d’Être?’, 17 September 2012, Global Health Policy Blog, available at <http://www.cgdev.org/blog/should-unitaid-rethink-its-raison-d%E2%80%99%C3%AAtre> accessed 23 September 2014.

113 See (n 111) 2–3.

114 Ibid, 3.

115 See (n 63) 69.

116 See (n 79).

117 See (n 1).

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123 The International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty is an international network of NGOs and local communities involved in family agriculture.

124 The International Alliance against Hunger was called into life in 2003 by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Food Programme (WFP), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) to create a global network of CSOs and agriculture institutions in the fight against hunger and poverty.

125 FAO, ‘CFS Contact Group Documents’ (2012), available at <http://www.fao.org/cfs/workingspace/cfs-ws-home/en/> accessed 3 July 2012.

126 FAO, ‘Reform of the Committee on World Food Security. Final Version, 14, 15 and 17 October’ (2009) 2, available at <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs0910/ReformDoc/CFS_2009_2_Rev_2_E_K7197.pdf> accessed 2 July 2012.

127 Ibid, 2–3.

128 FAO, Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (FAO, Rome, 2012) 1.

129 Ibid, iv.

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132 CFS, ‘Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems’, Forty-First Session, 13–18 October 2014, available at <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1314/rai/CFS_Principles_Oct_2014_EN.pdf> accessed 15 December 2014.

133 The members of the Advisory Group: UN Bodies: FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization); WFP (World Food Programme); IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development); Right-to-Food: Special Rapporteur on the right to food – Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; UN High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis; UN Standing Committee on Nutrition (SCN); CSOs/NGOs: The World Forum of Fish Harvesters & Fish Workers (WFHFF); Mouvement International de la Jeunesse Agricole (MIJARC); Indigenous Caucus (ICAZA); World Alliance of Mobile Indigenous Peoples (WAMIP); International Agricultural Research Bodies: CGIAR Consortium; International Financial and Trade Institutions: World Bank; Private Sector/Philanthropic Foundations: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; International Agri Food Network. See <http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-home/cfs-about/cfs-members/en/> accessed 24 September 2014.

134 FAO, ‘The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE)’ (2012), available at <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/hlpe/hlpe_documents/HLPE_Key_elements_EN.pdf> accessed 22 August 2013.

135 Civil Society Mechanism, ‘The Committee on World Food Security (CFS): a guide for civil society’ (2012) 28, available at <http://www.csm4cfs.org/files/Pagine/1/csm_cfsguide_finalapr2012.pdf> accessed 9 September 2014.

136 Ibid, 40.

137 Duncan, J and Barling, D, ‘Renewal through Participation in Global Food Security Governance: Implementing the International Food Security and Nutrition Civil Society Mechanism to the Committee on World Food Security’ (2012) 19(2) International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 151.Google Scholar

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139 See (n 137) 152.

140 See (n 135) 40.

141 Ibid, 50–1.

142 Ibid, 50.

143 Ibid, 52.

144 Ibid, 40.

145 See (n 130) 109–10.

146 See (n 119) 183.

147 Ibid.

148 Ibid, 184.

149 See (n 119) 185.

150 Ibid.

151 Ibid.

152 CSM, ‘CS expressing concern for the rai principles content and their future implementation’, 15 October 2014, available at <http://www.csm4cfs.org/news/?id=189> accessed 16 December 2014.

153 ActionAid, ‘Twitter action helps shift US position in RAI negotiations’, 15 August 2014, available at <http://www.actionaidusa.org/2014/08/twitter-action-helps-shift-us-position-rai-negotiations> accessed 16 December 2014.

154 See (n 132) Principle 9iv.

155 See (n 137) 151.

156 Ibid.

157 Ibid.

158 See <http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-home/en/> accessed 24 September 2014.

159 See (n 135) 44.

160 Draft Terms of Reference for the Coordination Committee (n.d.) 2, available at <http://www.csm4cfs.org/files/2/cc_draft_terms_of_reference_en.pdf> accessed 9 September 2014.

161 See <http://www.csm4cfs.org/> accessed 15 September 2014.

162 See (n 160).

163 Ibid, 3.

164 See (n 137) 153–6.

165 As of mid-2015 the sub-region South Africa is not represented yet in the CSM’s Standing Committee. See <http://www.csm4cfs.org/coordination_committee-3/sub_regions-5/> accessed 28 September 2014.

166 P Mulvany and CH Schiavoni, ‘Draft Report. Evaluation of the CSM’ (2014) vi–vii, available at <http://www.csm4cfs.org/files/SottoPagine/120/draftexternalreportcsmevaluation_02june.pdf> accessed 25 September 2014.

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