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  • Cited by 197
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2012
Print publication year:
2012
Online ISBN:
9781139149426

Book description

Some of the most brutal and long-lasting civil wars of our time involve the rapid formation and disintegration of alliances among warring groups, as well as fractionalization within them. It would be natural to suppose that warring groups form alliances based on shared identity considerations - such as Christian groups allying with Christian groups - but this is not what we see. Two groups that identify themselves as bitter foes one day, on the basis of some identity narrative, might be allies the next day and vice versa. Nor is any group, however homogeneous, safe from internal fractionalization. Rather, looking closely at the civil wars in Afghanistan and Bosnia and testing against the broader universe of fifty-three cases of multiparty civil wars, Fotini Christia finds that the relative power distribution between and within various warring groups is the primary driving force behind alliance formation, alliance changes, group splits and internal group takeovers.

Awards

Winner of the 2013 Gregory M. Luebbert Award, American Political Science Association

Winner of the 2014 Distinguished Book Award, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Migration Section, International Studies Association

Reviews

'Although some may argue that Christia’s neo-realist framework is not comprehensive because it undervalues the ideological and psychological dimensions of civil wars, the author’s argument is both persuasive and fundamental to understanding alliance formation and disintegration. The author’s observation in the book’s conclusion that the alliance shifts in Iraq’s Anbar province in favour of the Iraqi government (and then against it) have been driven by relative power considerations seems to be borne out by events since the book’s publication. Anyone interested in or responsible for policies aimed at resolving multi-party civil wars stands to gain from close consideration of Christia’s argument.'

H. R. McMaster Source: Survival

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Contents

References
Additional Party Documents
1994
1995
Afghanistan Freedom of Information Act Declassified Documents
Guantanamo Bay Detainee-Related Documents (8,080 pages)
Testimony of Detainees before the Combatant Status Review Tribunal (3,849 pages)
Testimony of Detainees and Documents Submitted on Their Behalf before theAdministrative Review Boards (sets 1–4 released March 3, 2006, sets 5–15 releasedApril 3, 2006, sets 16–19 released April 19, 2006) (3,940 pages)
Administrative Review Board Summaries of Detention/Release Factors (291 pages)
The National Security Archive: The Taliban File
English Language Press, Essays and Reports on Afghanistan
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Cooper, Kenneth J. 1997
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Davis, Anthony 1994 The Battleground of Northern AfghanistanJane's Intelligence Review 6 323
Davis, Anthony 1995 Afghanistan's TalibanJane's Intelligence Review 7 315
Davis, Anthony 1996 Afghanistan – Past, Present, and FutureJane's Intelligence Review 8 181
Davis, Anthony 1997 Taliban Found Lacking When Nation-Building BeckonedJane's Intelligence Review 9 359
Davis, Anthony 1998 Taliban Continue the Killing but Fail to Finish the CrusadeJane's Intelligence Review 10 17
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Gannon, Kathy 1997
http://millatehazara.tripod.com/mazari.html 2006
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1997
Johnston, Tim 1997
Johnston, Tim 1997
Johnston, Tim 1997
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Salahuddin, Sayed 1997
Siddiqi, Kamal 1997
1997
Smith, Stefan 1997
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Thomas, Christopher 1997
Thomas, Christopher 1997
Thomas, Christopher 1997 12
Wyllie, James 1994 Afghanistan – Spiraling DeclineJane's Intelligence Review 6 273
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Filkins, Dexter 2008 The Forever WarNew YorkKnopf
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Girardet, EdwardWalter, Jonathan 2004 Afghanistan: CROSSLINES Essential Field Guides to Humanitarian and Conflict ZonesGenevaMedia Action International
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Giustozzi, Antonio 2009 Empires of Mud: War and Warlords in AfghanistanLondonHurst and Company
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Harpviken, Kristian Berg 1997 Transcending Traditionalism: The Emergence of Non-State Military Formation in AfghanistanJournal of Peace Research 34 271
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Khalilzad, ZalmayByman, Daniel 2000 Afghanistan: The Consolidation of a Rogue StateThe Washington Quarterly 23 65
Magnus, Ralph 1997 Afghanistan in 1996: Year of the TalibanAsian Survey 37 111
Maley, William 1998 Interpreting the Taliban,Maley, WilliamFundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the TalibanNew YorkNew York University Press1
Maley, William 2009 The Afghanistan WarsNew YorkPalgrave McMillan
Marshall, D. A. 2006 Phased Withdrawal, Conflict Resolution and State ReconstructionLondonDefence Academy of the United Kingdom, Conflict Studies Research Centre
Matinuddin, Kamal 1999 The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997OxfordOxford University Press
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Mousavi, Sayed Askar 1997 The Hazaras of Afghanistan: A Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political StudyNew YorkSt. Martin's Press
O’Ballance, Edgar 2002 Afghan WarsLondonBrassey's
Poladi, Hassan 1989 The HazarasStockton, CAMughal Publishing Corporation
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Rashid, Ahmed 2001 Taliban: The Story of the Afghan WarlordsLondonPan
Roy, Oliver 1990 Islam and Resistance in AfghanistanNew YorkCambridge University Press
Roy, Oliver 1995 Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil WarPrinceton, NJDarwin Press
Rubin, Barnett R. 1995 The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International SystemNew Haven, CTYale University Press
Rubin, Barnett R. 1995 The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buffer State to Failed StateNew Haven, CTYale University Press
Saikal, Amin 1998 The Rabbani Government 1992–1996Maley, WilliamFundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the TalibanNew YorkNew York University Press29
Semple, Michael 2010 Afghanistan Oral Narratives ProjectUnpublished Manuscript
Shay, Shaul 2002 The Endless Jihad…The Mujahidin, the Taliban and Bin LadenHerzliyaThe International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism at the Interdisciplinary Center
Sinno, Abdulkader H 2008 Organizations at War in Afghanistan and BeyondIthaca, NYCornell University Press
Weitz, Richard 1992 Moscow's Endgame in AfghanistanJournal of Conflict Studies 12 25
Williams, Brian 2006
Yunas, Fida 1997 Afghanistan, Political Parties, Groups, Movements and Mujahideen Alliances and Governments (1879–1997)PeshawarPeshawar Area Studies Center
Interviews Conducted by Research Assistant Gostimir Popović
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
Primary Sources for Coding Prewar Demographics and Military Assets, as Well as Wartime Territorial Changes and Casualties
2007
Strategy for Defense of Public Property(Strategija Opštenarodne Odbrane i Društvene Samozaštite)SSNOBelgrade 1989
Collection of Documents on Yugoslav Security(Zbornik: Dokumenti o Bezbednosti Jugoslavije)Military Publishing InstituteBelgrade 2002
2002
1994
1995
1993
1993
1993
1992
English-Language Press on Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bruce, James 1995 Arab Veterans of the Afghan WarJane's Intelligence Review 7 175
Burns, John 1992
Burns, John 1992
Burns, John 1992
Burns, John 1993
Cohen, Roger 1994
Goldsmith, Charles 1992
Hedges, Chris 1992
Lewis, Paul 1993
1993
Sudetic, Chuck 1992
Sudetic, Chuck 1992
Sudetic, Chuck 1992
Sudetic, Chuck 1992
Sudetic, Chuck 1992
Sudetic, Chuck 1993
Sudetic, Chuck 1993
Secondary Literature on Bosnia and Herzegovina (in local languages and in English)
Alagić, Mehmed 1997 Rat u Srednjoj BosniBemustZenica
Andreas, Peter 2008 Blue Helmets and Black Markets: The Business of Survival in the Siege of SarajevoIthaca, NYCornell University Press
Bax, Mart 2000 Warlords, Priests and the Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: A Case Study from Rural Bosnia HercegovinaEthnic and Racial Studies 23 16
Bjelakovic, NebojsaStrazzari, Francesco 1999 The Sack of Mostar, 1992–1994: The Politico-Military ConnectionEuropean Security 8 73
Blažanović, Jovo 2001 Traganje za IstinomBanja LukaBoračka Organizacija Republike Srpske
Blažanović, Jovo 2003 Prećutani ZločiniBanja LukaBoračka Organizacija Republike Srpske
Bose, Sumantra 2002 Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International InterventionOxfordOxford University Press
Botev, Nikolai 1994 Where East Meets West: Ethnic Intermarriage in the Former YugoslaviaAmerican Sociological Review 59 461
Burg, StevenShoup, Paul S. 1999 The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International InterventionArmonk, NYM.E. Sharpe
Caspersen, Nina 2010 Contested Nationalism: Serb Elite Rivalry in Croatia and Bosnia in the 1990sNew YorkBerghahn Books
Central Intelligence Agency 2002 Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995WashingtonCIA Office of Russian and European Analysis
Cohen, Roger 1998 Hearts Grown Brutal: Sagas of SarajevoNew YorkRandom House
Collinson, Christopher 1994 Bosnian Army TacticsJane's Intelligence Review 6 11
Delić, Rasim 2004 Rat u BiHSarajevoVojna biblioteka
Efendić, Hasan 1998 Who Defended Bosnia? Association of Citizens of Noble Origins (Ko je branio Bosnu? Udruženje građana plemičkog porijekla)SarajevoBiH
Ekwall-Uebelhart, BarbaraRaevsky, Andrei 1996 Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Croatia and Bosnia-HerzegovinaNew YorkUnited Nations
Glenny, Misha 1993 The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan WarNew YorkPenguin Books
Gutman, Roy 1993 A Witness to Genocide: The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-Winning Dispatches on the ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ of BosniaNew YorkMacmillan
Halilović, Sefer 1997 Lukava StrategijaSarajevoMarsal d.o.o
Hoare, Marko Attila 2004 How Bosnia ArmedLondonSaqi Books
Holbrooke, Richard 1998 To End a WarNew YorkRandom House
Ignatieff, Michael 1998 The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern ConscienceNew YorkHenry Holt and Company
Indijić, Milan 1991 BiH Territorial Defense()Sarajevo
International Institute for Strategic Studies 1994 The Military Balance, 1993–1994 94 73
Judah, Tim 1999 The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of YugoslaviaNew Haven, CTYale University Press
Kadrić, Jusuf 2004 Bosnjaci Žrtve i SvjedočiSarajevoCentar za Istraživanje i Dokumentaciju
Kalyvas, StathisSambanis, Nicholas 2005 Bosnia's Civil War: Origins and Violence DynamicsCollier, PaulSambanis, NicholasUnderstanding Civil War: Europe, Central Asia, and Other RegionsWashington DCWorld Bank and Oxford University Press191
Kličić, Smail 2002 Intra-Bosniac Conflict in Cazinska Krajina 1992–1995 (Međubosnjački Sukob u Cazinskoj Krajini 1992–1995)BihaćBihać University
Latić, NedžadIsaković, Zehrudin 1997 Ratna Sjećanja Mehmeda Alagića: Rat u Srednoj BosniZenicaBemust
Law on National Defense (Zakon o Narodnoj Odbrani) 1985 BelgradeSSNO, Belgrade
Maass, Peter 1996 Love Thy Neighbor: A Story of WarNew YorkAlfred A. Knopf
MacKinnon, Catharine A. 1994 Turning Rape into Pornography: Postmodern GenocideStiglmayer, AlexandraMass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-HerzegovinaLincoln, NEUniversity of Nebraska Press73
O’Ballance, Edgar 1995 Civil War in Bosnia, 1992–1994New YorkSt. Martin's Press
Radinović, Radovan 2004 Laži o Sarajevskom RatistuBeogradSvet knjige
Rohde, David 1997 Endgame: The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica, Europe's Worst Massacre since World War IINew YorkFarrar, Straus and Giroux
Charles, R. 2003 The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994College StationTexas A&M University Press
Silber, LauraLittle, Alan 1997 Yugoslavia: Death of a NationNew YorkPenguin Books
Sudetic, Chuck 1998 Blood and Vengeance: One Family's Story of the War in BosniaNew YorkNorton
Tabeau, EwaJakub, Bijak 2005 War-Related Deaths in the 1992–1995 Armed Conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Critique of Previous Estimates and Recent ResultsEuropean Journal of Population 21 187
Thomas, NigelMikulan, Krunoslav 2006 The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo, and Macedonia, 1992–2001New YorkOsprey Publishing
Tomasevich, Jozo 2001 War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and CollaborationStanfordStanford University Press
West, Rebecca 1982 Black Lamb and Grey FalconNew YorkPenguin Books
2001
Wilcox, Richard M. 1999 The Politics of Transitional Anarchy: Coalitions in the Yugoslav Civil Wars, 1941–1945 and 1991–1995Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Woodward, Susan L. 1995 Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold WarWashington, DCThe Brookings Institution
Zbornik, Radova 1996 Herceg Bosna ili…?MostarZIRAL
Zijad, Rujanac 2003 Opkoljeno SarajevoSarajevoCentar za Istraživanje i Dokumentaciju
Zubac, Aleksa 1998 Poseta Razorenim Srpskim Svetinjama Grada Mostara Dana 21 Jula 1994 Godine,Knjiga o MostaruBeogradSvet Knjige205
References for Iraq Shadow Case
Al-Touajri, Ali 2010 http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=42023
Berman, EliShapiro, Jacob N.Felter, Joseph H. 2011 Can Hearts and Minds Be Bought? The Economics of Counterinsurgency in IraqJournal of Political Economy 119 766
Biddle, StephenFriedman, JeffreyShapiro, Jacob N. 2011 Testing the Surge: Why Did Violence Decline in Iraq in 2007?Working Paper
Bruno, Andrew 2008
Bruno, Greg 2008 http://www.cfr.org/publication/14112
Chulov, Martin 2010
Cleveland, William 2004 A History of the Modern Middle EastBoulder, COWestview Press
Cordesman, Anthony H. 2008 Iraq's Insurgency and the Road to Civil ConflictWestport, CTPraeger Security International
Dagher, Sam 2007
Dehghanpisheh, Babak 2007 http://www.newsweek.com/id/56824
Dreyfuss, Robert 2008
Gordon, Michael R. 2007
Government of Australia 2012 http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/WWW/NationalSecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Ansar_Al-Islam
Jafarzadeh, Alireza 2008 http://www.foxnews.com/story/0
Knickmeyer, Ellen 2006
Lindsay, JonLong, Austin 2009 Counterinsurgency Theory and the Stabilization of Iraq's Anbar ProvincePaper presented at Yale Program on OrderConflict, and Violence
Long, Austin 2008 The Anbar AwakeningSurvival 50 67
McCary, John A. 2009 The Anbar Awakening: An Alliance of IncentivesThe Washington Quarterly 32 43
Ramzi, Kholoud 2008 http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=75&id=2225&lang=0
Roggio, Bill 2008 http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/02/al_qaeda_in_iraq_und.php
Smith, NielMacFarland, Sean 2008 Anbar Awakens: The Tipping PointMilitary Review 88 41
Spiegel, PeterParker, Ned 2007
Tilghman, Andrew 2007 The Myth of AQIWashington Monthly 39 34
Todd, Lin 2006 Iraq Tribal Study, al-Anbar GovernorateArlington, VAGlobal Resources Group
Uppsala Conflict Data Program Database. Iraq entryhttp://www.ucdp.uu.se/database 2011
U.S. State Department 2008 http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2008/index.htm
West, Bing 2008 The Strongest Tribe: War, Politics, and the Endgame in IraqNew YorkRandom House
Williams, TimothyAdnan, Duraid 2010

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